Senin, 31 Oktober 2011
Hiking To RINJANI
DAY ONE :
jam 1 kami tiba di bandara soekarno hatta untuk memulai perjalanan kami (DINO,BIAN AND META) menuju lombok guna berpetualang menikmati keindahan alam di gunung rinjani .. Betapa excitednya saya dan Meta untuk cepat tiba di Lombok. Jam 6 kami tiba di bandara international mataram, kami pun dijemput oleh teman (BANG DOEL namanya) yg kami kenal ketika saya dan meta berpetualang ke pulau KOMODO, Perjalanan ke rumah bang Doel sekitar 2jam, pukul 9 kami tiba di rumahnya setealah makan malam dan briffing sebentar kami pun beristirahat mempersiapkan fisik untuk esok hari .
DAY TWO :
waktu di kota lombok menunjukkan pukul 7 setelah mandi dan sarapan BANG DOEL mempersiapkan logistik untuk kami bawa nanti di gunung ..jam 10 kami pun berangkat ke pos pendakian di SEMBALUN LAWANG di ketinggian 1100 mdpl kami tiba pukul 1 disana,setelah mendaptar di pos pendakian dan menyewa dua orang porter untuk memperingan pendakian ..jam 2 pm kami mulai start pendakian menuju pos 1,awal perjalanan jalur pendakian masi landai tidak terlalu banyak tanjakan banyak jalan rata dan menurun yg biasa kalo pendaki bilang BONUS hahaha..setelah 1 jam berjalan kami memasuki savana yg di dominasi rerumputan kering dan bukit2 disebelah kanan dan kiri yg memanjakan mata kami sepanjang perjalanan,,disini jalur mulai terasa agak berat banyak tanjakan dan turunan yg menguras tenaga kami .. disinilah saya dan meta merasa sangat kelelahan, sampai bang Dino pun bertanya apa kami masih sanggup untuk melanjutkan perjalanan, karna masih banyak tantangan yang akan dilewati. Saya dan Meta bersikeras untuk melanjutkan perjalanan. Setelah berjalan selama 4 jam melewati pos 1 dan pos 2 kami sampai di pos 3 di ketinggian 1800 mdpl ,porter pun langsung membuka tenda karena kami akan bermalam disini,,disini kami jg berjumpa pendaki2 lain dari kota karawang dan bekasi mereka tergolong bisa dibilang pendaki2 yg sudah uzur karena rata2 umur mereka sudah 60 tahunan dan yg paling muda pun sudah berumur 47 tahun #salute .. Setelah makan makanan yg dibuatkan porter kami pun beristirahat mempersiapkan fisik untuk besok kembali mendaki sampai ke DANAU SEGARA ANAK
DAY THREE :
Selesai sarapan jam 7 pagi kami memutuskan berangkat menuju ke PLAWANGAN SEMBALUN kita berangkat bersama dengan pendaki2 dari kota karawang ..jalur pendakian menuju plawangan sembalun semakin terasa berat jalur di dominasi tanjakan bebatuan dan pasir, disinilah saya dan meta benar-benar merasakan mendaki gunung sesungguhnya! Kami mengeluh dalam hati tapi kaki rasanya tidak ingin berhenti untuk naik dan berjalan. Setelah 1 jam berjalan mulai terlihat pemandangan savana yg kami lewati kemarin dan terlihat jg laut lepas di sebelah timur sana sungguh pemandangan yg menakjubkan, pancaran matahari yang menyengat tidak mengalangi kami untuk tetap sampai ke Plawangan Sembalun. Semakin ke atas angin bertiup semakin kencang sampai suaranya seperti kereta api yg sedang berjalan, teriknya matahari pun semakin membuat pendakian kami bermandikan keringat.. Saya dan Meta beristirahat sebentar dipertengahan jalan, Bang Dino yang masih kuat mendaki meneruskan perjalanan karna beliau begitu pengalaman terhadap mendaki gunung. Jam 11 pagi kami sampai di plawangan sembalun di ketinggian 2700 mdpl berarti jarak tempuh dari pos 3 ke plawangan sembalun adalah 4 jam ..1 jam kami beristirahat disana sambil melepaskan lelah kami pun bercanda canda dengan pendaki lain yg jalan bersama dengan kami dari pos 3, Saya berpikiran mengapa saya bisa melewati jalan tersebut tadi? begitu senangnya saya bisa sampai Plawangan Sembalun. Suasana semakin akrab kami saling melemparkan canda tapi sayangnya disini kita harus berpisah dengan mereka karena tujuan mereka adalah summit/puncak sedangkan tujuan kami adalah DANAU SEGARA ANAK ..
setelah 1 jam beristirahat kami melanjutkan perjalanan kali ini perjalanan kami akan menuruni bukit2 untuk sampai ke segara anak teringat pesan kakak temanku yg sudah pernah kesini sebelumnya, klo kita harus extra hati2 konsentrasi dan perlu ketepatan memilih langkah klo ingin turun dari plawangan sembalun menuju ke segara anak karena jalur disana didominasi batu2 besar dan jurang pada sebelah kanan dan kirinya dan lebar jalurnya pun tak lebih 1,5 meter .. kakaku mulai khawatir dengan keselamatan ku dan Meta tapi sementara saya dan Meta santai2 saja sambil menikmati pemandangan sepanjang jalan menurun yg curam itu hehehehe.. sudah hampir kuarang lebih 1,5 jam kami berjalan mulai terlihat dari kejauhan DANAU SEGARA ANAK, Saya beristirahat sambil melihat keadaan sekitar, betapa indahnya ciptaanNya. Betapa bahaya jalan tersebut, jika kami terpleset sedikit saja dan terjatuh mungkin nyawa kami bisa melayang karna bebatuan dan pasir sepanjang jalan kami lewati itu. Porter kami pun memutuskan untuk break sebentar kami pun memanpaatkan break itu dengan mengambil gambar DANAU SEGARA ANAK dari kejauhan ..selama kami break sering kami menjumpai bule2 yg sedang naik menuju plawangan sembalun *bule2 itu naik dari jalur pendakian senaru* sempat juga bian,meta and para porter berfoto dengan mereka ..ada kejadian yg lucu ketika kami menggangap klo bule2 itu fisik dan staminanye lebih kuat daripada orang lokal,ternyata ada seorang bule*wanita*berkata aku sudah tidak sanggup lagi2x*terjemahan dalam bahasa indonesia* sambil mengeluarkan air mata,kami pun cuma tersenyum melihat dan mendengarnya ..
Setelah 30 menit perjalan kami lanjutkan kami kira setelah melihat DANAU SEGARA ANAK dari tempat kami break perjalanan sampai ke danau akan tidak jauh lagi tapi ternyata harapan cuma harapan, setengah jam,satu jam,satu setengah jam DANAU SEGARA ANAK terlihat seperti masi di kejauhan jadi kami memutuskan break untuk yg kedua kalinya, perjuangan kami untuk turun saja pun juga berat! tapi dengan keyakinan bahwa kami akan sampai pasti akan terjadi. Setelah 15 menit break regangkan kaki dan makan buah pepaya pemberian BANG DOEL kami pun melanjutkan perjalanan ada sedikit insden ketika kami jalan duluan meninggalakan porter yg sedang beres2 barang bawaan kami jalan pada jalur yg salah,untung saja porter kami melihat kami yg jalan pada jalur yg salah dan langsung meneriaki kami, jadilah akhirnya kami harus nanjak lagi sekitar 100 meter HAHHHHHHHH CAPE DEH :( hehehe ternyata porter kami bilang klo itu adalah jalur untuk ke sumber air... Kurang lebih jam 4 sore akhirnya kami tiba di DANAU SEGARA ANAK 2000 mdpl kami pun langsung mencari tempat yg bagus untuk mendirikan tenda dan tidak lupa klo kakaku sendiri sibuk mencari angle2 yg bagus untuk mengambil gambar.. setelah tenda selesai didirikan Meta dan saya menuju ke sumber air panas untuk berendam menghilangkan lelah selama perjalanan naik dan turun, rasanya untuk berendam air panas butuh perjuangan lagi. Lelahnya saat itu ! sementara kakaku lebih memilih istirahat di tenda sambil memandangi GUNUNG ANAK BARU di tengah2 DANAU SEGARA ANAK yg menurutku GUNUNG BARU itu mirip2 GUNUNG ANAK KRAKATAU di selat jawa sana hehehe... Malam pun tiba setelah makan kami langsung masuk dalam tenda dan berlindung di slepping bed masing2, ternyata rasa lelah setelah melakukan perjalanan selama seharian tak jg membuat tidur kami nyenyak karena angin yg bertiup sangat kencang menggoyangkan tenda kami sampai2 aku sering terbangun dan memikirkan bagaimana klo tenda kami terbawa angin dan sampai jatuh ke danau *tapi untunglah itu tidak terjadi*..
THANKS GOD
DAY FOUR :
Kami melanjutkan perjalanan pukul 7 pagi untuk menuju plawangan senaru 2500 mdpl ..kami mulai berjalan dengan kaki2 yg agak kurang stabil di awal perjalanan nya saja sudah sulit kami melewati bibir2 danau jalur yang licin batu2 besar yg cadas sangatlah sulit untuk dilalui, perjalanan inilah yang saya anggap sangat sangat berbahaya! tak terbayang lagi sudah jika kami tidak bisa melewatinya. Sedangkan hari demi hari kondisi kami menurun, untungnya sudah dicas hehe setelah melewati bibir sungai perjalanan dlanjutkan dengan tanjakan2 curam, saya dan meta kewalahan melewatinya. Dengan semangat dari kakaku & porter kami tak akan menyerah, jalur ini tak jauh beda jalur naik ke plawangan senaru dengan jalur kita turun kemarin dari plawangan sembalun batu2 besar tanjakan yg curam dan jurang pada kanan kirinya bedanya kali ini kami naik bukannya turun, Semangat pulang pun trus mengiringi kami kakaku selalu meneriakkan kata2 semangatttt pada kami (bian dan meta) ketika kami sedang kelelahan. Pendakian menuju plawangan senaru trus berlanjut 1 jam, 2jam, 3jam. Tebing-tebing bebatuan kami naiki, sulit dipercaya. Lagi indahnya pemandangan sepanjang jalan kami lewati. Disini banyak monyet, badannya besar-besar, jujur saja saya takut. Akhirnya kami tiba di plawangan senaru 2500 mdpl jam 10 pagi, kembali kami mengambil break 30 menit sebelum melakukan perjalanan turun ke pos senaru. Apa yang saya pikirkan? tak percaya saya sampai disini, keluhan yang saya sudah rasakan rasanya mustahil bisa sampai disini, tapi tunggu dulu masih berjam-jam lagi untuk kami tiba dibawah. Kami kembali berjalan setelah 30 menit break kali ini perjalanan kami akan terus turun tidak ada lagi tanjakan di jalan menuju pos senaru. Saya merasa lega karna tidak ada lagi tanjakan YEAY. Di perjalanan menuju pos 3 dari plawangan senaru saya mengalami luka lecet pada jari kaki jempolnya terlihat perjalanannya semakin melamban seharusnya kami bisa menyelesaikan perjalanan ke pos 3 dengan hanya waktu 1,5 jam tapi karena BIAN jalan dengan lambat akhirnya kami sampai di pos 3 dengan waktu 2,5 jam, sangat luar dugaan salah dugaanku turunan pun bukan jalan yang harus diremehkan. Kami kembali break 15 menit setelah itu kami melanjutkan perjalanan ke pos 2 entah kenapa rasa semangat dari dalam diriku bangit dan semangat penuh, semua bingung dibuat olehku melanjutkan perjalanan dengan semangat seperti semangat seorang leader BIAN memimpin berjalan di depan langkahku cepat walaupun ada luka di kakiku sudah terkalahkan oleh semangat membara HEHEHE dan pasti sampai2 kakaku dan meta kewalahan mengimbanginya cuma porter yg bisa mengimbangi jalanku sampai2 porter pun salah prediksi, katanya kami bakal sampai di pos 2 dengan waktu tempuh 2 jam tapi ternyata kami dalam cuma 1 jam sudah sampai ke pos 2. Sampai di pos 2 kembali kami break lagi porter pun memasak makanan siang kami sesuai pesanan bian dan meta *mie goreng pedes* hahaha... Selesai makan jam 3 sore kami lanjutkan perjalanan kami ke pos pendakian senaru melewati pos 1 Alhamdulilah!!!! akhirnya kami tiba di pos pendakian senaru kalo kata pendaki ini adalah pintu surga, pukul 5 sore kami sampai. Kami istirahat sebentar di warung sambil minum2an ringan sebelum berangkat ke desa senaru mencari penginapan sebelum besok berangkat ke airport untuk kembali ke jakarta. Setelah sampai di penginapan kami mandi (airnya dingin mampus) dan berbincang-bincang, kami tidak menyangka bisa melewati Rinjani dan sampai dengan selamat, kalau tidak karena Tuhan dan kepercayaan kami bisa melewatinya mungkin kami tidak sampai dibawah. Malam sudah larut kami beristirahat untuk persiapan besok.
DAY FIVE :
Setelah mandi dan packing barang2 akhirnya kami berangkat dari tempat penginapan langsung ke airport dan sore hari nya kami sampai di bandara soekarno hatta di kota kami tercinta JAKARTA
THANKS TO
terima kasih kepada Alllah SWT, doa2 kerabat dan teman2 kami yg menyertai perjalanan kami hingga kami akhirnya bisa kembali dengan selamat sampai di rumahdan tidak lupa kami ucapkan terima kasih kepada kedua porter (MAK RICA dan MAK IDA) yg telah sabar menemani kami selama perjalanan petualangan kami di GUNUNG RINJANI ..hehe :D
Kamis, 07 Juli 2011
"SEBARKAN PADA DUNIA KALAU NEGRIMU LAYAKNYA SURGA, INDONESIAKU"
Maaf sebelumnya, ini bukan artikel tentang Alam semesta, tapi ini hanyalah sebuah cerita tentang Keluarga Kami yg berpetualang "Seribu Pulau" di NTB -NTT pekan kemarin. 7 Hari kami tempuh ( 12 - 18 Juni 2011)
Hari 1 :
Menginjakan kaki di Bandara Salaparang - Lombok, cuaca panas pekat. Kami di jemput dengan bis pariwiasata langsung menuju Senggigi. Hanya melihat view nya dan menjadi artis untuk foto2 session sebentar. Lalu kita menyebrang ke Gili Trawangan. That was Incredible!! Kami disambut dengan pasir putih, bersih, udara sejuk, dan ombak yg tenang..
Dan dengan Sunset nya yg indah, pantai nya yg begitu sepi, kami tidak menyia-nyiakan momment ini. FOTO Sebanyak-banyaknya!! hhaha.
Hari 2 :
Mulai di hari ini sampai hari ke 4 selanjutnya, kami stay di kapal. Ya!! Nginep di kapal, dan di tengah2 laut. Yg ada di fikiran gw adalah "Welcome Wave" Semua mabok laut. Hahaha. Tapi seru, karena ada si Kapten Bang Dul, Mas Dino, dan Pak Diam. (1 lg lupa siapa namanya) Dan yang ga ketinggalan, yang bikin tambah seru adalah para "Bule-Bule" yang ada-ada aja kelakuan nya. Hahaha. Dari bangsal kita naek kapal, tapi sempet agak lama karena si bang oki susah turun tangga nya. Wkwkwk.
Langsung lah kita ke Gili Bola (pulau ga ada penduduknya) Kita nginep di dalem kapal. *Mabok -__-
Hari 3 :
Kita ke Pulau Moyo (Katanya Lady Diana pernah kesana, dan Prince William dan Kate middleton juga Honeymoon disana) Udah ngebayangan itu pulau Indah nya kaya apa!! Tapi sayang nya kita ga ke Resort tempat Lady Diana Menginap, tapi kita jalan kaki menuju Air Terjun nya. Dan cuma 1 kata "AWESOME!!"
Lanjut lagi ke Pulau Satonda, di dalem pulau itu ada Danau yang birruuuuuu banget!! Dan kalo kita naro kaki di air danau nya, ikan-ikan kecil langsung pada nyamperin (semacem refleksi ikan2 yg lg ngetrend sekarang)
Di pulau itu, gw nemuin 1 pohon yg gede banget, dan ada batu karang yang di iket ke batang2 daun pohon itu (jadi bergelantungan gitu batu karang nya) Ternyata, menurut kepercayaan penduduk setempat, siapa yang mengikat batu karang tersebut, suatu saat keinginan nya akan tercapai dan bisa kembali lagi ke pulau tersebut. Dan menurut Bapak yang gw wawancarai, Lady Diana juga pernah menggantungkan Batu Karang di pohon tersebut. "Pak SBY juga pernah", lanjutnya.
Hari 4 :
Makin hari makin semakin berat, ombak semalem membuat kita semua ketakutan pas waktu tidur. Ketinggian ombak hampir 1 meter, ga tau deh tuh berapa kemiringan perahunya. Wuahaha. Dengan fasilitas seadanya, kami masih tetep bisa ketawa2 dengan lawakan2 keluarga kami. Dan semakin mengenal para awak kapal dan juga para Bule-bule.
Hari ini kita ke Red Beach/ Pink Beach (Pantai ini terletak di kawasan Pulau Komodo)
Kenapa namanya Red Beach / Pink Beach ??? Jadi ternyata, Pasir pantai di pulau ini warna nya putih dan merah mendominasi. Disaat pasir terkena buih ombak, dan dengan pantulan cahaya terang, terlihat menjadi warna Pink. Dan hanya 1 kata lagi "AWESOME!!"
Setelah Red Beach kita langsung ke Pulau Komodo (Taman Nasional Komodo) Hanya 30 Menit dari Red Beach.
Dan yakkkk!!! INILAH YANG DITUNGGU2!! KOMODOOOO. Penasaran banget sama mahluk ini, yang ga ada di belahan dunia manapun, cuma ada disini, di Indonesia!!
Kita briefing dulu sebelum adventure ke dalem hutan ini, ada berbagai macam peraturan yang harus kita ketahui, tiap kelompok terdapat 2 rangers (pawang) yang membawa tongkat berbentuk huruf "V". Sang ranger menceritakan tentang
buas nya Komodo ini, banyak kejadian manusia yg di gigit bahkan di makan Komodo. Makin horor aja ini adventure.
Bahkan salah satu bule nama nya Evelyn sempet mau ngundurin diri (udah parno duluan do'i) tapi sorry, kita udah masuk di hutan, dan kita harus tetep jalan sampe ke Hill Top
Hari 5 :
Hari ini adalah hari terkahir kita bermalam di kapal. Pagi hari, kita sampai di Pulau Kelor. Dan menurut gw ini Pantai yang terbagus!! Pulaunya kecil, bersih, ga da penduduk nya. Dan disinilah baru gw mengenal Jakob *haiyah. Hahaha.
Setelah ke Pulau Kelor, sampailah kita di Labuan Bajo. 1 jam dari Pulau kelor. Kita bermalam di Labuan Bajo, dan besok paginya harus siap2 perjalanan pulang menyebrang pulau-pulau lagi.
Hari 6 :
Kita sudah sampai di Sumbawa, setelah menaiki bis dan menyebrang lautan. Sinyal-pun sudah kami dapatkan! (Nemu sinyal serasa nemu mutiara) Hahaha. Tapi perjalanan kita masih panjang, kita masih harus menyebrang lautan untuk sampai ke lombok.
Hari 7 :
Kita sudah sampai lombok, perjalanan yang melelahkan.. fiuhh.. sampainya di lombok, kami pun pergi ke tempat Mutiara, lalu ke toko kain lombok untuk beli oleh2.. (Tapi yg beli cuma Bian sama oma doang) yang laen kaga. Hahaha. Setelah itu, kami berangkat menuju Denpasar Bali. Menyebrang lautan (lagi) Terlihat Nusa penida yang indah, Katanya bagus untuk diving disana. Kalo gw fikir, lautan Indonesia emang bagus2 koq, cuma agak sedikit kurang promosi aja, atau mungkin kita yg sebagai warga negara Indonesia yang masih Kurang peduli akan Wisata Bahari kita sendiri.
Sampailah di Bali... yeyeeee, senaaaang!! Tapi sayang nya, kita cuma waktu sebentar disini. Kita makan Malam di Nasi Pecel Bu Tinuk. Eniweiiii, "Today is Oma's Birthday" Di traktir lah sama si Janiar Sinaga si raja guk-guk. #eh
Setelah kenyang, check-in di Ngurah Rai Airport, dan nyempet2in pada beli oleh-oleh di bandara. Ga terasa, ADVENTURE was TOTALLY DONE!! Masih keleyengan laut, masih teringat cumi hasil mancing, masih teringat susah seneng bareng2 di kapal, masih teringat bikin bakwan di kapal buat bule2, masih teringat semua... Ini Pengalaman yang Berarti dan Berharga. Terimakasih Muradi's, Janiar, Bang Dul, dan semuanyaaa.. :)
Dan itulah Petualangan kami, Keluarga Muradi, Keluarga terlanjur kaya (Already rich family), wkwkwk *astagfirulloooohh
Kami senang, bahagia, dapet pengalaman baru, wawasan baru, berharga, dan lebih dari kata LUAR BIASA.
Terimakasih Lombok, NTB- NTT, Indonesia
gw cuma bisa bilang : "SEBARKAN PADA DUNIA KALAU NEGRIMU LAYAKNYA SURGA"
NB: Menurut penduduk setempat, wisatawan yg datang 90% Orang asing dan Hanya 10% orang Indonesia. Benar2 miris!! Kenapa kita yg punya keINDAHAN PANORAMA yg luar biasa tp kita gak bisa menghargai.
Visit Indonesia.
Rabu, 01 Juni 2011
Religious Experiences Shrink Part of the Brain
The article, “Religious factors and hippocampal atrophy in late life,” by Amy Owen and colleagues at Duke University represents an important advance in our growing understanding of the relationship between the brain and religion. The study, published March 30 in PLoS One, showed greater atrophy in the hippocampus in individuals who identify with specific religious groups as well as those with no religious affiliation. It is a surprising result, given that many prior studies have shown religion to have potentially beneficial effects on brain function, anxiety, and depression.
A number of studies have evaluated the acute effects of religious practices, such as meditation and prayer, on the human brain. A smaller number of studies have evaluated the longer term effects of religion on the brain. Such studies, like the present one, have focused on differences in brain volume or brain function in those people heavily engaged in meditation or spiritual practices compared to those who are not. And an even fewer number of studies have explored the longitudinal effects of doing meditation or spiritual practices by evaluating subjects at two different time points.
In this study, Owen et al. used MRI to measure the volume of the hippocampus, a central structure of the limbic system that is involved in emotion as well as in memory formation. They evaluated the MRIs of 268 men and women aged 58 and over, who were originally recruited for the NeuroCognitive Outcomes of Depression in the Elderly study, but who also answered several questions regarding their religious beliefs and affiliation. The study by Owen et al. is unique in that it focuses specifically on religious individuals compared to non-religious individuals. This study also broke down these individuals into those who are born again or who have had life-changing religious experiences.
The results showed significantly greater hippocampal atrophy in individuals reporting a life-changing religious experience. In addition, they found significantly greater hippocampal atrophy among born-again Protestants, Catholics, and those with no religious affiliation, compared with Protestants not identifying as born-again.
The authors offer the hypothesis that the greater hippocampal atrophy in selected religious groups might be related to stress. They argue that some individuals in the religious minority, or those who struggle with their beliefs, experience higher levels of stress. This causes a release of stress hormones that are known to depress the volume of the hippocampus over time. This might also explain the fact that both non-religious as well as some religious individuals have smaller hippocampal volumes.
This is an interesting hypothesis. Many studies have shown positive effects of religion and spirituality on mental health, but there are also plenty of examples of negative impacts. There is evidence that members of religious groups who are persecuted or in the minority might have markedly greater stress and anxiety as they try to navigate their own society. Other times, a person might perceive God to be punishing them and therefore have significant stress in the face of their religious struggle. Others experience religious struggle because of conflicting ideas with their religious tradition or their family. Even very positive, life-changing experiences might be difficult to incorporate into the individual’s prevailing religious belief system and this can also lead to stress and anxiety. Perceived religious transgressions can cause emotional and psychological anguish. This “religious” and “spiritual pain” can be difficult to distinguish from pure physical pain. And all of these phenomena can have potentially negative effects on the brain.
Thus, Owen and his colleagues certainly pose a plausible hypothesis. They also cite some of the limitations of their findings, such as the small sample size. More importantly, the causal relationship between brain findings and religion is difficult to clearly establish. Is it possible, for example, that those people with smaller hippocampal volumes are more likely to have specific religious attributes, drawing the causal arrow in the other direction? Further, it might be that the factors leading up to the life-changing events are important and not just the experience itself. Since brain atrophy reflects everything that happens to a person up to that point, one cannot definitively conclude that the most intense experience was in fact the thing that resulted in brain atrophy. So there are many potential factors that could lead to the reported results. (It is also somewhat problematic that stress itself did not correlate with hippocampal volumes since this was one of the potential hypotheses proposed by the authors and thus, appears to undercut the conclusions.) One might ask whether it is possible that people who are more religious suffer greater inherent stress, but that their religion actually helps to protect them somewhat. Religion is frequently cited as an important coping mechanism for dealing with stress.
This new study is intriguing and important. It makes us think more about the complexity of the relationship between religion and the brain. This field of scholarship, referred to as neurotheology, can greatly advance our understanding of religion, spirituality, and the brain. Continued studies of both the acute and chronic effects of religion on the brain will be highly valuable. For now, we can be certain that religion affects the brain--we just are not certain how
A number of studies have evaluated the acute effects of religious practices, such as meditation and prayer, on the human brain. A smaller number of studies have evaluated the longer term effects of religion on the brain. Such studies, like the present one, have focused on differences in brain volume or brain function in those people heavily engaged in meditation or spiritual practices compared to those who are not. And an even fewer number of studies have explored the longitudinal effects of doing meditation or spiritual practices by evaluating subjects at two different time points.
In this study, Owen et al. used MRI to measure the volume of the hippocampus, a central structure of the limbic system that is involved in emotion as well as in memory formation. They evaluated the MRIs of 268 men and women aged 58 and over, who were originally recruited for the NeuroCognitive Outcomes of Depression in the Elderly study, but who also answered several questions regarding their religious beliefs and affiliation. The study by Owen et al. is unique in that it focuses specifically on religious individuals compared to non-religious individuals. This study also broke down these individuals into those who are born again or who have had life-changing religious experiences.
The results showed significantly greater hippocampal atrophy in individuals reporting a life-changing religious experience. In addition, they found significantly greater hippocampal atrophy among born-again Protestants, Catholics, and those with no religious affiliation, compared with Protestants not identifying as born-again.
The authors offer the hypothesis that the greater hippocampal atrophy in selected religious groups might be related to stress. They argue that some individuals in the religious minority, or those who struggle with their beliefs, experience higher levels of stress. This causes a release of stress hormones that are known to depress the volume of the hippocampus over time. This might also explain the fact that both non-religious as well as some religious individuals have smaller hippocampal volumes.
This is an interesting hypothesis. Many studies have shown positive effects of religion and spirituality on mental health, but there are also plenty of examples of negative impacts. There is evidence that members of religious groups who are persecuted or in the minority might have markedly greater stress and anxiety as they try to navigate their own society. Other times, a person might perceive God to be punishing them and therefore have significant stress in the face of their religious struggle. Others experience religious struggle because of conflicting ideas with their religious tradition or their family. Even very positive, life-changing experiences might be difficult to incorporate into the individual’s prevailing religious belief system and this can also lead to stress and anxiety. Perceived religious transgressions can cause emotional and psychological anguish. This “religious” and “spiritual pain” can be difficult to distinguish from pure physical pain. And all of these phenomena can have potentially negative effects on the brain.
Thus, Owen and his colleagues certainly pose a plausible hypothesis. They also cite some of the limitations of their findings, such as the small sample size. More importantly, the causal relationship between brain findings and religion is difficult to clearly establish. Is it possible, for example, that those people with smaller hippocampal volumes are more likely to have specific religious attributes, drawing the causal arrow in the other direction? Further, it might be that the factors leading up to the life-changing events are important and not just the experience itself. Since brain atrophy reflects everything that happens to a person up to that point, one cannot definitively conclude that the most intense experience was in fact the thing that resulted in brain atrophy. So there are many potential factors that could lead to the reported results. (It is also somewhat problematic that stress itself did not correlate with hippocampal volumes since this was one of the potential hypotheses proposed by the authors and thus, appears to undercut the conclusions.) One might ask whether it is possible that people who are more religious suffer greater inherent stress, but that their religion actually helps to protect them somewhat. Religion is frequently cited as an important coping mechanism for dealing with stress.
This new study is intriguing and important. It makes us think more about the complexity of the relationship between religion and the brain. This field of scholarship, referred to as neurotheology, can greatly advance our understanding of religion, spirituality, and the brain. Continued studies of both the acute and chronic effects of religion on the brain will be highly valuable. For now, we can be certain that religion affects the brain--we just are not certain how
Selasa, 17 Mei 2011
The Fate of Greenland: Lessons from Abrupt Climate Change
by Philip W. Conkling, Richard Alley, Wallace Broecker and George Denton. MIT Press, 2011
Spanning more than 600,000 square miles, Greenland’s ice sheet is the largest outside Antarctica. But it is melting fast, with the thunderous sounds of icebergs calving off glaciers filling the air. This is not the first time Greenland has undergone abrupt climate change. Comparatively balmy temperatures in the 10th century allowed Norse settlers to colonize the area; the ensuing Little Ice Age coincided with their disappearance. In this book, illustrated with dramatic color photographs, four leading climate experts chronicle Greenland’s climate history and discuss what the current warming means for this frozen place and for the rest of the world.
Selasa, 12 April 2011
ROCKS
Rocks are so common that most of us take them for granted—cursing when we hit them with the garden hoe or taking advantage of them to drive in tent pegs on summer camping trips.
But what exactly is a rock?
To geologists, a rock is a natural substance composed of solid crystals of different minerals that have been fused together into a solid lump. The minerals may or may not have been formed at the same time. What matters is that natural processes glued them all together.
There are three basic types of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Extremely common in the Earth's crust, igneous rocks are volcanic and form from molten material. They include not only lava spewed from volcanoes, but also rocks like granite, which are formed by magma that solidifies far underground.
Typically, granite makes up large parts of all the continents. The seafloor is formed of a dark lava called basalt, the most common volcanic rock. Basalt is also found in volcanic lava flows, such as those in Hawaii, Iceland, and large parts of the U.S. Northwest.
Granite rocks can be very old. Some granite, in Australia, is believed to be more than four billion years old, although when rocks get that old, they've been altered enough by geological forces that it's hard to classify them.
Sedimentary rocks are formed from eroded fragments of other rocks or even from the remains of plants or animals. The fragments accumulate in low-lying areas—lakes, oceans, and deserts—and then are compressed back into rock by the weight of overlying materials. Sandstone is formed from sand, mudstone from mud, and limestone from seashells, diatoms, or bonelike minerals precipitating out of calcium-rich water.
Fossils are most frequently found in sedimentary rock, which comes in layers, called strata.
Metamorphic rocks are sedimentary or igneous rocks that have been transformed by pressure, heat, or the intrusion of fluids. The heat may come from nearby magma or hot water intruding via hot springs. It can also come from subduction, when tectonic forces draw rocks deep beneath the Earth's surface.
Marble is metamorphosed limestone, quartzite is metamorphosed sandstone, and gneiss, another common metamorphic rock, sometimes begins as granite.
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